{"id":7741,"date":"2021-11-17T00:35:40","date_gmt":"2021-11-16T23:35:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agora.xtec.cat\/iesjaumecallis\/?p=7741"},"modified":"2021-11-17T00:35:40","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T23:35:40","slug":"organoides-que-son-i-quines-son-les-seves-aplicacions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agora.xtec.cat\/iesjaumecallis\/general\/organoides-que-son-i-quines-son-les-seves-aplicacions\/","title":{"rendered":"ORGANOIDES, QU\u00c8 S\u00d3N I QUINES S\u00d3N LES SEVES APLICACIONS?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare s\u00f3n c\u00e8l\u00b7lules indiferenciades, immadures capaces de dividir-se i de diferenciar-se en un o m\u00e9s tipus cel\u00b7lulars.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>El seu potencial proliferatiu \u00e9s infinit, (es poden dividir i tornar a dividir de manera continuada), no envelleixen.<\/li>\n<li>Es poden diferenciar en c\u00e8l\u00b7lules espec\u00edfiques. Aquesta diferenciaci\u00f3 es dona sota unes condicions ambientals concretes, que cal estudiar i determinar en cada cas (s\u2019han de donar les condicions que permetin que es perdin els senyals que donen a les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules la pluripot\u00e8ncia, \u00e9s a dir la capacitat per a diferenciar-se en moltes c\u00e8l\u00b7lules diverses,per exemple aplicant diferents factors de creixement i vitamines)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agora.xtec.cat\/iesjaumecallis\/wp-content\/uploads\/usu113\/2021\/11\/Cellules-mare.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7743\" src=\"https:\/\/agora.xtec.cat\/iesjaumecallis\/wp-content\/uploads\/usu113\/2021\/11\/Cellules-mare.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"237\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Es classifiquen en funci\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Del potencial o capacitat de diferenciaci\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>Del seu origen<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Trobem tres tipologies segons el seu origen i la seva capacitat de diferenciaci\u00f3.:<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare embrion\u00e0ries (Embryonic Stem\u00a0 Cells)<\/strong> que s\u00f3n pluripotents, \u00a0<strong>c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare adultes (ASCs)<\/strong> que s\u00f3n multi o unipotents, <strong>c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare pluripotents indu\u00efdes (IPSC)<\/strong>, s\u00f3n c\u00e8l\u00b7lules reprogramades a partir de c\u00e8l\u00b7lules adultes perqu\u00e8 tornin a un estat pluripotent, <strong>c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare del cord\u00f3 umbilical i la placenta<\/strong>, pluri o multipotents.<\/p>\n<p>Una de les l\u00ednies m\u00e9s esperan\u00e7adores de les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare s\u00f3n els organoides o mini \u00f2rgans. S\u00f3n petits \u00f2rgans tridimensionals m\u00ednims desenvolupats in vitro a partir de c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare en matrius especials. Cada organoide requereix un medi de cultiu espec\u00edfic . Els organoides imiten l\u2019estructura i funcionament d\u2019\u00f2rgans tan diversos i complexes com els ronyons, els intestins o el cervell.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agora.xtec.cat\/iesjaumecallis\/wp-content\/uploads\/usu113\/2021\/11\/Intestinal_organoid.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7744\" src=\"https:\/\/agora.xtec.cat\/iesjaumecallis\/wp-content\/uploads\/usu113\/2021\/11\/Intestinal_organoid.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"212\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Organoide<\/b>\u00a0intestinal crescut de c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare Lgr5+.<\/p>\n<p>A partir d\u2019aquests organoides aconseguits in vitro es poden fer diferents estudis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Estudi del desenvolupament embrionari, de la diferenciaci\u00f3 cel\u00b7lular<\/li>\n<li>Estudis de medicina regenerativa: es poden crear \u00f2rgans o parts d\u2019\u00f2rgans amb les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules d\u2019un pacient, reintroduir-los i fer que es fusionin amb l\u2019\u00f2rgan al que simulen i recuperar la part malmesa. Aquest \u00e9s un experiment que s\u2019ha aconseguit dur a terme en ratolins per\u00f2 encara es necessita molta investigaci\u00f3 per obtenir un \u00f2rgan totalment funcional i sencer en humans. Aquest tractament salvaria la problem\u00e0tica del rebuig dels trasplantaments.<\/li>\n<li>Observar quin \u00e9s l\u2019efecte de diferents medicaments sobre un organoide obtingut a partir de c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare d\u2019un pacient. Aix\u00ed, es poden provar diferents subst\u00e0ncies in vitro, de forma segura, fora del pacient, per tal de trobar quin \u00e9s el millor tractament.<\/li>\n<li>A partir de t\u00e8cniques d\u2019edici\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica \u2013 Crispr\/Cas9- , reparar el genoma de c\u00e8l\u00b7lules iPSC de pacients amb mutacions puntuals. A partir d\u2019aquestes c\u00e8l\u00b7lules mare amb el genoma reparat, es pot aconseguir un organoide no mutat. L\u2019edici\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica tamb\u00e9 pot \u00e9sser utilitzada a la inversa, \u00e9s a dir, emprada per \u00a0generar mutacions a c\u00e8l\u00b7lules iPSC normals i d\u2019aquesta manera poder visualitzar in vitro els defectes funcionals en els organoides (aix\u00ed, per exemple es poden portar a terme estudis sobre el c\u00e0ncer, a partir d&#8217;organoides amb tumors)<\/li>\n<li>A partir de petits cervells creats in vitro, poder aprofundir en el coneixement de\u00a0 malalties mentals (autisme, esquizofr\u00e8nia, Alzheimer&#8230;) i estudiar el funcionament cerebral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Els organoides semblen el projecte de recerca en medicina regenerativa m\u00e9s factible pel moment. Obren el cam\u00ed cap a una medicina personalitzada i redueixen la utilitzaci\u00f3 d\u2019animals d\u2019experimentaci\u00f3. No obstant aix\u00f2, els organoides encara estan lluny de substituir \u00f2rgans perqu\u00e8 hi ha diverses dificultats que encara s\u2019han de salvar, com per exemple, la introducci\u00f3 d\u2019un sistema circulatori.<\/p>\n<p>Podeu veure el v\u00eddeo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oUEJYjDCzEg&amp;t=147s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oUEJYjDCzEg&amp;t=147s<\/a> sobre la formaci\u00f3 d\u2019organoides del cervell.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Els organoides o mini \u00f2rgans elaborats in vitro permeten estudiar els processos de diferenciaci\u00f3 cel\u00b7lular, aix\u00ed com tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;estudi de diverses malalties i s\u00f3n una esperan\u00e7a per a la medicina regenerativa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":7745,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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